劳动力市场影响评估批文 Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA)
劳动力市场影响评估，是由加拿大就业及社会发展部针对加拿大雇主聘用外籍劳工对加拿大劳动力市场产生潜在影响的评估文件。获批的劳动力市场影响评估意味着没有加拿大公民或永久居民可以填补雇主的用工短缺，因此雇主可以雇请外籍劳工。被拒的劳动力市场影响评估则表明，该岗位空缺应该由加拿大公民或永久居民填补。
劳动力市场影响评估由雇主提交申请，外籍劳工无法直接进行申请。虽然某些情况下雇主可以聘用无需劳动力市场影响评估支持或持有工作许可的外籍劳工，但加拿大临时外籍劳工计划下所有类别都要求雇主必须获批劳动力市场影响评估才能招聘外籍劳工。此外，加拿大的许多移民项目都针对获批劳动力市场影响评估的申请人给予额外的加分。
A Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA) is a document issued by Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC) assessing the impact of hiring a foreign national in Canada. A positive LMIA indicates that there is no Canadian citizen or permanent resident to fill a position, therefore enabling an employer to hire a foreign national. A negative LMIA indicates that a position should be filled by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident.
A foreign national cannot apply for an LMIA. Rather, LMIAs are documents which must be applied for by a Canadian employer. While sometimes it is possible to hire a foreign worker who is exempt from needing an LMIA, or who is exempt from requiring a work permit, all streams of Canada’s Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) require that an employer obtain an LMIA in order to hire outside of Canada. As well, many of Canada’s immigration pathways to permanent residency require that applicants show a positive LMIA in order to claim points for a Canadian job offer.
文章内容 Table of Contents
- LMIA Application
- LMIA Application Requirements
- How Canada Makes LMIA Application Decisions
- LMIA Validity and Duration of Employment
- How long will it take to process LMIA Application
- What is the rate of success for work permit/LMIA
- Can I include my spouse and dependents
- What Happens After LMIA is Approved
劳动力市场影响评估申请 LMIA Application
加拿大雇主可以在劳工入职前6个月递交劳动力市场影响评估申请，申请程序因受聘外劳薪资而异。雇主需参考其所在省份或地区的时薪中位数，以确定用工岗位薪资水平，招聘低薪资岗位外籍劳工需要雇主满足额外要求。
加拿大针对希望获批某些就业领域劳动力市场影响评估的雇主，提供专门的申请通道，包括：
- 雇佣家庭护理人员
- 雇佣农业工人
- 聘用外籍学者
- 在魁北克省内招聘外籍劳工
An employer may submit an application for an LMIA as early as 6-months prior to the intended start date for the position. LMIA application procedures vary depending on the wage of the person being hired. Employers should consult the median hourly wages of their province or territory in order to determine whether their position is considered high-wage or low-wage, as low-wage positions will require the employer to meet additional criteria. There are specialized streams for employers wishing to obtain LMIAs for certain areas of employment. These include:
- Hiring In-Home Caregivers
- Hiring Agricultural Workers
- Hiring Foreign Academics
- Hiring within the province of Quebec
劳动力市场影响评估申请条件 LMIA Application Requirements
劳动力市场影响评估以邮寄形式将申请递交给相应的加拿大服务处理中心。申请材料包括：
- 缴纳审理费用：无论审批结果如何，所有劳动力市场影响评估的申请都必须缴纳$1,000加币的审理费。申请家庭护工类服务岗位可以豁免审理费用。
- 商业合法文件：证明雇主是合法的加拿大企业。
- 提交过渡计划：提交一份计划书，阐述雇主将如何解决需要聘用外籍劳工的需求。以及最终雇主希望聘用加拿大公民或永久居民而非临时外籍劳工来填补岗位空缺。
- 证明招工努力：雇主需要提交足够的证据表明，在其计划聘用临时外籍劳工前已经付出巨大的努力尝试招聘加拿大公民或永久居民来填补岗位空缺。
- 提交薪资声明：申请材料中需要包含将要提供给临时外籍劳工的薪资信息，藉此区分高薪与低薪岗位。同时确保外籍劳工将与加拿大公民或永久居民享受同等薪资及福利待遇。
- 工作场所安全：临时外籍劳工在工作场所享有与从事相同岗位的加拿大公民或永久居民相同的健康及安全保障。雇主需要为临时外籍劳工提供与所在省份省级医疗保险覆盖内容相当的健康保险。
LMIA applications are submitted in hard copy, by mail, to the appropriate Service Canada Processing Centre. Applications must include evidence that the following criteria have been met:
- Processing Fee: All applications for LMIAs include a $1000 CAD processing fee which will not be refunded even if the result is negative. Certain applicants under the LMIAs for in-home caregivers may be exempt from this fee.
- Business Legitimacy Documents: Documents proving that the employer’s status as a legitimate Canadian business.
- Transition Plan: Employers must submit a plan for how they intend to address the need to hire foreign nationals. Eventually, employers are expected to hire Canadian citizens and permanent residents rather than TFWs.
- Recruitment Efforts: Employers must submit evidence that they made substantial efforts to recruit Canadian citizens and permanent residents to fill the position prior to hiring a TFW.
- Wages: Applications must include information regarding the TFWs wages. This will differentiate the high-wage positions from low-wage positions and ensure that TFWs are paid the same amount for labour as their Canadian equals.
- Workplace Safety: TFWs are entitled to the same standards of workplace health and safety as Canadians in the same position. For this reason, employers must provide evidence that TFWs will be covered by insurance which is at minimum equivalent to the health coverage offered by the province or territory where the business is located.
加拿大如何做出劳动力市场影响评估申请决断 How Canada Makes LMIA Application Decisions
劳动力市场影响评估能否获批由加拿大就业及社会发展部决定后转发给加拿大移民部，之后由移民部将最终决定通知雇主。加拿大就业及社会发展部会参考以下因素，做出针对批复劳动力影响评估的决断：
- 聘用外籍劳工将对加拿大劳动力市场产生的影响。
- 外籍劳工的薪资与工作条件。
- 是否有加拿大公民或永久居民可以从事相关工作。
- 是否可以将聘用的外籍劳工掌握的知识技能进行有效转移。
- 聘用外籍劳工是否有助于为加拿大公民和永久居民创造就业机会。
The decision on whether or not to issue a positive LMIA is made by Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC) and then issued to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). IRCC then informs the employer of the final LMIA decision. In making an LMIA decision, ESDC considers several factors including:
- The impact of hiring the foreign worker will have on the Canadian labour market.
- The wages and working conditions being offered to the foreign worker.
- The availability of Canadian citizens or permanent residents to do the job in question.
- Whether a transfer of useful knowledge and skills would result from hiring the foreign worker.
- Whether hiring the foreign worker will help create jobs for Canadian citizens and permanent residents.
劳动力市场影响评估有效期及雇佣期限 LMIA Validity and Duration of Employment
劳动力市场影响评估获批后，临时外籍劳工有6个月的时间申请工作许可且不可延期。如果在6个月内外籍劳工没有提交工作许可申请，则雇主需要重新提交劳动力市场影响评估申请。魁北克省的劳动力市场影响评估流程与其他省份有所不同。
劳动力市场影响评估的有效期与劳动力市场影响评估雇佣有效期有本质区别。劳动力市场影响评估的有效期是指外籍劳工必须使用批文申请工作许可的时间。劳动力市场影响评估雇佣有效期是指使用批文所申请工作许可的有效期。劳动力影响评估雇佣有效期存在三种不同的期限：
- 仅用于工作许可申请期间临时有效。
- 支持永久居留权申请的永久期限。如果申请人符合劳动力市场影响评估中的要求，根据永久期限劳动力市场评估签发的工作许可有效期最长两年。无论是否正在提交移民申请，工作许可都不会延期。
- 永久期限与临时期限的组合，以支持外籍劳工同时申请永久居留权与工作许可。
After a positive LMIA is issued, a temporary foreign worker has six months to use it to apply for a work permit. No extensions will be given. If the six-month period expires and the foreign worker does not submit a work permit application, a new LMIA application is required. In Quebec, there is a separate LMIA application process.
The validity of the LMIA is not the same as the duration of employment of the LMIA. The validity of an LMIA indicates the amount of time that a foreign worker applicant has to use the LMIA and apply for a work permit. The duration of employment of an LMIA indicates the length of validity of a work permit issued using the LMIA. There are three options relating to the duration of employment for an LMIA:
- Temporary duration to support a work permit application only.
- Permanent duration to support a permanent residence application. Work permits issued under a permanent duration LMIA will be issued for a maximum period of two years, provided the candidate meets the requirements set out in the LMIA. The work permit will not be extended regardless of whether or not a permanent residence application is underway.
- A combination of permanent and temporary duration to support both a permanent residence application and a work permit application.
劳动力市场影响评估审理周期 How long will it take to process my LMIA application?
劳动力市场影响评估的申请分为两种：常规评估与简化评估。简化的劳动力影响评估只存在于魁北克省。常规的劳动力影响评估需要逐案审理，审理周期因申请人而异。通常情况下，需要几周至数月不等的审理周期。
符合全球人才计划条件的加拿大雇主在递交劳动力市场影响评估时可能会更快的获得反馈。魁北克省简化版的劳动力市场影响评估的评估处理周期是2-3个月。
There are two types of Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA) applications: a regular LMIA and a simplified LMIA. The simplified LMIA is only available in the province of Quebec. The regular LMIA is processed on a case-by-case basis with processing times varying greatly from applicant to applicant. Generally, it takes a several weeks to months to receive a response on a regular LMIA application.
If an employer is eligible for Canada’s Global Talent Stream, they may qualify for expedited LMIA processing. The simplified LMIA completed for Quebec employment is usually processed in approximately two to three months.
工作许可/劳动力市场影响评估申请成功率 What is the rate of success for work permit/LMIA applications?
每个申请都是因地制宜逐案审理，给出准确的工作许可/劳动力市场影响评估申请成功率略显不切实际。一般情况下，符合条件的劳动力市场影响评估都会获批。但由于申请是由官员根据一定的主观判断进行自由裁量，因此同一申请在遇到不同官员时结果可能有所出入。
It is impossible to give a rate of success for work permit/LMIA applications, as all applications are processed on a case-by-case basis. If an applicant meets the requirements of the LMIA, their application should be approved. However, applications are assessed by individual officers, each exercising their own discretion in choosing whether or not to approve a work permit application.
配偶及子女可否包含在工签申请中 How can I include my spouse and dependents on my work permit application?
如果申请人递交加拿大封闭式工作许可申请，其配偶可能有资格申请开放式工作许可，又称“配偶工签”。如果申请人的配偶符合条件，他们需要单独递交工作许可申请。一般情况下，此类配偶工签的申请需要在网上递交。
If you are applying for a closed Canadian work permit, your spouse may be eligible for an open work permit. If your spouse is eligible, they will need to apply for their own work permit. In most cases, they must apply for this permit online.
劳动力市场影响评估获批后 What Happens After LMIA is Approved
劳动力市场影响评估受理后，雇主将收到移民局转发就业及社会发展部做出的最终决定。如果劳动力市场影响评估获批，雇主则可继续雇佣外籍劳工；如果申请被拒则雇主不被获准雇佣外籍劳工。
劳动力市场影响评估获批后的6个月内有效，雇主必须在此期间通知外籍劳工申请工作许可或永久居留权。某些情况下，雇主可以要求政府机关对劳动力市场影响评估申请在10个工作日内进行快速批复。如要获得快速批复资格，雇主必须位于魁北克省以外并满足以下要求之一：
- 高薪岗位：该岗位对应的薪资位列所在省份或地区加拿大公民或永久居民收入的前10%；
- 技术工种：为该岗位提供不少于所在省份或地区工资中位数的薪资；
- 短期职位：工作时长120天或更短；
- 快速移民通道：劳动力市场影响评估可以协助快速移民通道候选人递交移民申请。
After an LMIA application has been processed, employers will be issued a decision. If the employer is issued a positive LMIA, they can proceed with hiring a foreign national. If a negative LMIA is issued then unfortunately the employer is not approved to hire a foreign national.
Positive LMIAs are valid for 6 months from the date of issue. After receiving a positive LMIA, the employer must notify the foreign national so that they can apply for their work permit or permanent residence. In certain conditions, employers may apply to have their LMIA application processed in 10 days. To qualify for expedited processing, an employer must be located outside of Quebec and meet one of the following requirements:
- Highest wage positions: top 10% of wages earned by Canadians in the province/territory of the job
- Skilled Trades: paid at least the median provincial/territorial wage for the position.
- Short-Term positions: 120 days or less
- Express Entry: the LMIA is to assist an Express Entry candidate
加拿大各省或地区的时薪中位数 Median Hourly Wages by Province or Territory
如果加拿大雇主为临时外籍劳工提供的薪资等于或高于其所在省份或地区的时薪中位数，他们需要通过高薪岗位通道递交劳动力市场影响评估申请。如果雇主提供给外籍劳工的薪资低于其所在省份或地区的时薪中位数，他们则需通过低薪岗位通道递交申请。
If an employer is hiring a TFW to be paid at or above the median hourly wage for their province or territory then they must go through the high-wage workers stream for LMIAs. If an employer is hiring a TFW to be paid below the median hourly wage then they must go through the low-wage workers stream.
| 省份/地区 Province/Territory | 2022年4月30日前时薪中位数 Median hourly wages prior to April 30, 2022 | 2022年4月30日后时薪中位数 Median hourly wages as of April 30, 2022 |
| 阿尔伯塔省 Alberta | $27.28 | $28.85 |
| 英属哥伦比亚省 British Columbia | $25.00 | $26.44 |
| 曼尼托巴省 Manitoba | $21.60 | $23.00 |
| 新不伦瑞克省 New Brunswick | $20.12 | $21.79 |
| 纽芬兰与拉布拉多省 Newfoundland and Labrador | $23.00 | $24.29 |
| 西北地区 Northwest Territories | $34.36 | $37.30 |
| 新斯科舍省 Nova Scotia | $20.00 | $22.00 |
| 努纳维特地区 Nunavut | $32.00 | $36.00 |
| 安大略省 Ontario | $24.04 | $26.06 |
| 爱德华王子岛 Prince Edward Island | $20.00 | $21.63 |
| 魁北克省 Quebec | $23.08 | $25.00 |
| 萨斯克彻温省 Saskatchewan | $24.55 | $25.96 |
| 育空特区 Yukon | $30.00 | $32.00 |
劳动力市场影响评估豁免条件 Exemptions to LMIA Requirements
某些情况下加拿大雇主可能无需获批劳动力市场影响评估即可聘用外籍劳工。大多数劳动力市场影响评估豁免受国际人才流动项目管理。点击了解更多劳动力市场影响评估豁免以及工作许可豁免相关信息。
In certain cases, it may not be necessary for an employer to obtain an LMIA in order to hire a foreign worker. The majority of LMIA exemptions are managed through the International Mobility Program. Learn more about LMIA-exemptions and about exemptions from requiring a work permit.
简化版劳动力市场影响评估（魁北克省）Facilitated LMIA (Quebec)
魁北克省在其移民政策及程序制定上享有很大的自治权。因此，魁北克省在雇佣外籍劳工方面与其他省份有所不同。简化版劳动力市场影响评估，允许位于魁北克省的雇主无需提供其努力招聘加拿大公民或永久居民填补空缺岗位的相关证据，即可递交劳动力市场评估申请。
The province of Quebec retains significant autonomy over its immigration policies and procedures. For this reason, the province has a few unique distinctions regarding the hiring of foreign workers. The facilitated LMIA process allows Quebec employers to apply for LMIAs without needing to provide evidence that they made efforts to recruit a Canadian citizen or permanent resident to fill the position. Learn more about the requirements for a facilitated LMIA.
全球人才计划 Global Talent Stream
全球人才计划是加拿大移民部与加拿大就业及社会发展部于2017年6月合作推出的一个为期两年的试点项目。全球人才计划协助加拿大雇主在全球范围内聘用高技能人才以便提高加拿大企业的国际竞争力。被成功引荐到该项目的雇主，可以通过全球技能战略协议缩短聘用外籍人士的流程。
The Global Talent Stream (GTS) is a two-year pilot program launched in June 2017 through a partnership between Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) and Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC). The GTS assists certain Canadian employers to hire highly-skilled global talent enabling them to compete on an international scale. Employers who are successfully referred to the program will be able to expedite the process for hiring foreign nationals through the Global Skills Strategy.
跨国公司内部调派 Intra-Company Transfers
国际人才流动项目允许掌握高技能的外籍人士作为跨国公司内部调派人员在加拿大临时工作。受聘于加拿大企业境外分公司的外国公民可能有资格获批豁免劳动力市场影响评估的工作许可，并作为内部调派人员前往加拿大境内工作。跨国公司内部调派政策适用于所有国家。
Canada’s International Mobility Program enables high-skilled foreign nationals to work temporarily in Canada as intra-company transferees. If a foreign national is an employee of a company in a location outside of Canada, they may be eligible to obtain an LMIA-exempt work permit to transfer to one of the company’s locations within Canada. The intra-company transferee rule applies to all countries.
北美自由贸易协议工作许可 NAFTA Work Permits
北美自由贸易协定涵盖了加拿大、美国以及墨西哥之间广泛的贸易协议。该协议为授权美国或加拿大公民在加拿大就业提供独特的机会。协议涵盖的外国公民可能有资格无需获批劳动力市场影响评估或工作许可即可在加拿大就业。
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) encompasses an expansive array of trade protocols between Canada, the United States, and Mexico. NAFTA provides unique opportunities for the authorization of citizens of the United States and Mexico to work in Canada. Those foreign nationals covered by NAFTA provisions may be eligible to work in Canada without the requirement for a Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA) or a work permit.
加拿大-欧盟综合经济与贸易协定工作许可 CETA Work Permits
加拿大-欧盟综合经济与贸易协定涵盖了加拿大于欧盟成员国之间广泛的贸易协议。该协议为欧盟国家公民在加拿大就业提供独特的机会。协议涵盖的外国公民可能有资格无需获批劳动力市场影响评估或工作许可即可在加拿大就业。
The Canada-European Union (EU) Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) encompasses an expansive array of trade protocols between Canada and EU member nations. CETA provides unique opportunities for the authorization of citizens EU nations to work in Canada. Those foreign nationals covered by CETA provisions may be eligible to work in Canada without the requirement for a Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA) or a work permit.
相关链接 Related Links
- 认可雇主试点项目 Recognized Employer Pilot
- 劳动力市场影响评估批文广告要求 LMIA Advertising Requirements
- 加拿大开放式工作许可 Open Work Permits
- 毕业后工签终极指南 The Ultimate Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP) Guide
- 加拿大全球人才计划 Canada Global Talent Stream (GTS)
- 加拿大临时外籍劳工项目 Temporary Foreign Worker Program
- 劳动力市场影响评估批文 Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA)
- 跨国公司内部调派 Intra-Company Transfers
- 国际体验计划 International Experience Canada (IEC)
- 配偶开放式工签 Spouse Open Work Permit (SOWP)
- 桥梁开放式工签 Bridging Open Work Permit (BOWP)
- 北美自由贸易协定工作许可 NAFTA Work Permits
- 加拿大-欧盟综合经济与贸易协定工作许可 CETA Work Permits
- 加拿大国际人才流动项目 International Mobility Program (IMP)
- 简化版劳动力市场影响评估（魁北克省）Facilitated LMIA (Quebec)
